Das 4,2-Kilojahr-Ereignis war eine Klimaphase etwa von 2250 bis 2100 v.Chr., also vor etwa 4200 Jahren ("4,2 Kilojahre") mit Dürren von Nordamerika über den Nahen Osten und Indien bis nach China, die Auswirkungen auf eine Reihe von frühen Hochkulturen in diesen Regionen hatte.
Literatur
An, Cheng-Bang, Lingyu Tang, Loukas Barton, und Fa-Hu Chen. „Climate Change and Cultural Response around 4000 Cal Yr B.P. in the Western Part of Chinese Loess Plateau“. Quaternary Research 63, Nr. 03 (Mai 2005): 347–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.02.004.
Arz, Helge W., Frank Lamy, und Jürgen Pätzold. „A Pronounced Dry Event Recorded around 4.2 Ka in Brine Sediments from the Northern Red Sea“. Quaternary Research 66, Nr. 3 (November 2006): 432–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.05.006.
Bar-Matthews, Miryam, Avner Ayalon, und Aaron Kaufman. „Late Quaternary Paleoclimate in the Eastern Mediterranean Region from Stable Isotope Analysis of Speleothems at Soreq Cave, Israel“. Quaternary Research 47, Nr. 2 (1. März 1997): 155–68. https://doi.org/10.1006/qres.1997.1883.
Boer, Erik J. de, Maria I. Vélez, Kenneth F. Rijsdijk, Perry GB de Louw, Tamara JJ Vernimmen, Petra M. Visser, Rik Tjallingii, und Henry Hooghiemstra. „A Deadly Cocktail: How a Drought around 4200 Cal. Yr BP Caused Mass Mortality Events at the Infamous ‘Dodo Swamp’ in Mauritius“. The Holocene, 16. Januar 2015, 0959683614567886. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683614567886.
Bond, Gerard, Bernd Kromer, Juerg Beer, Raimund Muscheler, Michael N. Evans, William Showers, Sharon Hoffmann, Rusty Lotti-Bond, Irka Hajdas, und Georges Bonani. „Persistent Solar Influence on North Atlantic Climate During the Holocene“. Science 294, Nr. 5549 (7. Dezember 2001): 2130–36. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1065680.
Booth, Robert K., Stephen T. Jackson, Steven L. Forman, John E. Kutzbach, E. A. Bettis, Joseph Kreig, und David K. Wright. „A severe centennial-scale drought in midcontinental North America 4200 years ago and apparent global linkages“. The Holocene 15, Nr. 3 (März 2005): 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1191/0959683605hl825ft.
Carter, V. A., und J. Shinker. „Drought and vegetation change in the central Rocky Mountains: Potential climatic mechanisms associated with the mega drought at 4200 cal yr BP“. Clim. Past Discuss. 2017 (29. September 2017): 1–26. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2017-107.
Cullen, Heidi M., und Peter B. deMenocal. „North Atlantic Influence on Tigris–Euphrates Streamflow“. International Journal of Climatology 20, Nr. 8 (30. Juni 2000): 853–63. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0088(20000630)20:8<853::AID-JOC497>3.0.CO;2-M.
Davis, Mary E., und Lonnie G. Thompson. „An Andean ice-core record of a Middle Holocene mega-drought in North Africa and Asia“. Annals of Glaciology 43, Nr. 1 (1. September 2006): 34–41. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756406781812456.
deMenocal, P. B. „Cultural Responses to Climate Change During the Late Holocene“. Science 292, Nr. 5517 (27. April 2001): 667–73. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1059827.
Drysdale, Russell, Giovanni Zanchetta, John Hellstrom, Roland Maas, Anthony Fallick, Matthew Pickett, Ian Cartwright, und Leonardo Piccini. „Late Holocene drought responsible for the collapse of Old World civilizations is recorded in an Italian cave flowstone“. Geology 34, Nr. 2 (Februar 2006): 101–104. https://doi.org/10.1130/G22103.1.
Fischer, Lars. „Alte Kulturen: Frühe Tibet-Zivilisation stand und fiel mit Hirse“. Spektrum der Wissenschaft, 29. April 2015. http://www.spektrum.de/news/fruehe-tibet-zivilisation-stand-und-fiel-mit-hirse/1344290.
Gao, Huazhong, Cheng Zhu, und Weifeng Xu. „Environmental Change and Cultural Response around 4200 Cal. Yr BP in the Yishu River Basin, Shandong“. Journal of Geographical Sciences 17, Nr. 3 (2007): 285–92. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-007-0285-5.
Gasse, Françoise, und Elise Van Campo. „Abrupt post-glacial climate events in West Asia and North Africa monsoon domains“. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 126, Nr. 4 (1994): 435–456. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0012821X94901236.
Gibbons, A. „How the Akkadian Empire Was Hung Out to Dry“. Science 261, Nr. 5124 (20. August 1993): 985–985. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.261.5124.985.
Giosan, Liviu, Peter D. Clift, Mark G. Macklin, Dorian Q. Fuller, Stefan Constantinescu, Julie A. Durcan, Thomas Stevens, u. a. „Fluvial landscapes of the Harappan civilization“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Mai 2012. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1112743109.
Huang, Chun Chang, Jiangli Pang, Xiaochun Zha, Hongxia Su, und Yaofeng Jia. „Extraordinary floods related to the climatic event at 4200 a BP on the Qishuihe River, middle reaches of the Yellow River, China“. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, Nr. 3–4 (Februar 2011): 460–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.12.007.
Kerr, Richard A. „Sea-Floor Dust Shows Drought Felled Akkadian Empire“. Science 279, Nr. 5349 (16. Januar 1998): 325–26. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.279.5349.325.
Liu, Fenggui, und Zhaodong Feng. „A Dramatic Climatic Transition at ~4000 Cal. Yr BP and Its Cultural Responses in Chinese Cultural Domains“. The Holocene 22, Nr. 10 (1. Oktober 2012): 1181–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683612441839.
Magny, Michel, Boris Vanniere, Gianni Zanchetta, Eric Fouache, Gilles Touchais, Lera Petrika, Celine Coussot, Anne-Veronique Walter-Simonnet, und Fabien Arnaud. „Possible complexity of the climatic event around 4300–3800 cal. BP in the central and western Mediterranean“. The Holocene 19, Nr. 6 (September 2009): 823–833. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683609337360.
Masi, A., A. Francke, C. Pepe, M. Thienemann, B. Wagner, und L. Sadori. „Vegetation history and palaeoclimate at Lake Dojran (FYROM/Greece) during the Late Glacial and Holocene“. Clim. Past Discuss. 2017 (29. September 2017): 1–25. https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-2017-114.
Menounos, Brian, John J. Clague, Gerald Osborn, Brian H. Luckman, Thomas R. Lakeman, und Ryan Minkus. „Western Canadian Glaciers Advance in Concert with Climate Change circa 4.2 Ka“. Geophysical Research Letters 35, Nr. 7 (1. April 2008): L07501. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033172.
Parker, Adrian G., Andrew S. Goudie, Stephen Stokes, Kevin White, Martin J. Hodson, Michelle Manning, und Derek Kennet. „A record of Holocene climate change from lake geochemical analyses in southeastern Arabia“. Quaternary Research, Holocene Climate and Cultural Evolution in Late Prehistoric-Early Historic West Asia, 66, Nr. 3 (November 2006): 465–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.07.001.
Petrie, Cameron A., Ravindra N. Singh, Jennifer Bates, Yama Dixit, Charly A. I. French, David A. Hodell, Penelope J. Jones, u. a. „Adaptation to Variable Environments, Resilience to Climate Change: Investigating Land, Water and Settlement in Indus Northwest India“. Current Anthropology 58, Nr. 1 (18. Januar 2017): 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1086/690112.
Ponton, Camilo, Liviu Giosan, Tim I. Eglinton, Dorian Q. Fuller, Joel E. Johnson, Pushpendra Kumar, und Tim S. Collett. „Holocene aridification of India“. Geophysical Research Letters 39, Nr. 3 (2012): n/a–n/a. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GL050722.
Riehl, Simone. „Archaeobotanical Evidence for the Interrelationship of Agricultural Decision-Making and Climate Change in the Ancient Near East“. Quaternary International 197, Nr. 1–2 (März 2009): 93–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.08.005.
———. „Climate and Agriculture in the Ancient Near East: A Synthesis of the Archaeobotanical and Stable Carbon Isotope Evidence“. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 17, Nr. 1 (16. Mai 2008): 43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00334-008-0156-8.
Riehl, Simone, Konstantin E. Pustovoytov, Heike Weippert, Stefan Klett, und Frank Hole. „Drought stress variability in ancient Near Eastern agricultural systems evidenced by ?13C in barley grain“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1409516111.
Stanley, Jean-Daniel, Michael D. Krom, Robert A. Cliff, und Jamie C. Woodward. „Nile Flow Failure at the End of the Old Kingdom, Egypt: Strontium Isotopic and Petrologic Evidence“. Geoarchaeology 18, Nr. 3 (1. März 2003): 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.10065.
Staubwasser, M., F. Sirocko, P. M. Grootes, und M. Segl. „Climate Change at the 4.2 Ka BP Termination of the Indus Valley Civilization and Holocene South Asian Monsoon Variability: SOUTH ASIAN HOLOCENE CLIMATE CHANGE“. Geophysical Research Letters 30, Nr. 8 (April 2003). https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL016822.
Thompson, Lonnie G., Ellen Mosley-Thompson, Mary E. Davis, Keith A. Henderson, Henry H. Brecher, Victor S. Zagorodnov, Tracy A. Mashiotta, u. a. „Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa“. Science 298, Nr. 5593 (Oktober 2002): 589–593. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1073198.
Weiss, H., M.-A. Courty, W. Wetterstrom, F. Guichard, L. Senior, R. Meadow, und A. Curnow. „The Genesis and Collapse of Third Millennium North Mesopotamian Civilization“. Science 261, Nr. 5124 (20. August 1993): 995–1004. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.261.5124.995.
Wenxiang, Wu, und Liu Tungsheng. „Possible role of the “Holocene Event 3” on the collapse of Neolithic Cultures around the Central Plain of China“. Quaternary International, 5th International conference on the cenozoic evolution of the Asia-Pacific environment, 117, Nr. 1 (2004): 153–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1040-6182(03)00125-3.
Yeakel, Justin D., Mathias M. Pires, Lars Rudolf, Nathaniel J. Dominy, Paul L. Koch, Paulo R. Guimarães, und Thilo Gross. „Collapse of an ecological network in Ancient Egypt“. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1408471111.